Fig. 4: Validation from infrared spectroscopy.

Synchrotron Infrared Nano Spectroscopy (SINS) Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectra from coral skeletons and synthetic carbonates acquired with 20 nm resolution. The top spectra in (A–D) were acquired from forming coral surfaces, and the best matching spectra from their synthetic counterparts are shown at the bottom. SINS-FTIR spectra acquired from synthetic carbonates, amorphous, metastable crystalline, and stable aragonite are shown in E, compared with pure aragonite extracted from a coral skeleton. All polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) contaminant peaks are indicated by pink vertical lines and described in more detail in the Methods section.