Fig. 1: Bias in the frequency of temperature extremes in ERA5.

a Spatial bias distribution in the frequency of daily maximum temperature extremes based on exceedances of the 90th percentile using a 31-day running window (TX90p31w) in the period 1961β1990. c Daily thresholds (thick red line), exceedances (red shading), and monthly averaged frequencies (bars) for a selected grid cell in the North Atlantic. b, d same as (a, c) but with the bias correction applied before the threshold calculation (discussed in the second part of the manuscript). The shown grid cell is marked with a red rectangle in a, additional grid cells are marked by orange rectangles and shown in Fig.Β S2 in theΒ supplementary information.