Fig. 1: Net climate impact (in megagrams carbon dioxide equivalents per hectare, Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹) and albedo offset (%).

a The net climate impact accounts for both albedo change and carbon storage to estimate maximum CO₂e. Orange colors indicate net climate-negative locations, whereas blues indicate net climate-positive. For comparison to other studies, we also provide estimates in carbon equivalents (Mg Ce, italicized text to the left of the color ramp). b Albedo offset is the percent of maximum carbon storage offset by changes in albedo. Purple colors indicate locations where albedo offsets >50% of maximum carbon storage, whereas green indicates <50% albedo offset. In both maps, data are binned for display purposes and the scale bar immediately to the right of the maps indicates the 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% land-area percentiles (top to bottom). Source data are provided as a Source data file (see “Data availability”).