Fig. 3: Photovoltaic performances of the all-carbon-electrode-based bifacial PSCs.

a PGD chart of bifacial PSCs under various albedo conditions. b J-V curves of an all-carbon-electrode-based PSC illuminated from the front side (100 mW cm⁻²) and back side (100 mW cm⁻²) simultaneously, and the inset picture depicts the characterization setup described in IEC TS 60904-1−2: double light source method. c Shelf storage stability records of an all-carbon-electrode-based PSC and control device under 25 °C and a relative humidity of 55% (dark, unencapsulated). d The thermal stability performance of all-carbon-electrode-based PSCs and their control counterparts were evaluated under sustained exposure to 85 °C in an N₂-filled glove box, and inset pictures show that the control PSC becomes yellowish after 400 h (with orange border) whereas the all-carbon-electrode-based PSC is still black (with blue border). e Maximum power point (MPP) tracking of an all-carbon-electrode-based PSC and control device under N₂ atmosphere, 1 sun continuous illumination without UV filter. (Temperature = 25 °C).