Fig. 1: Impact of paternal diets on F0 metabolic phenotypes.

Color scale indicates response trait values (blue = minimum, red = maximum) with isolines showing the model predicted response. Created with BioRender.com. a Macronutrient composition (% energy) of paternal treatment diets and map showing location of each diet in the nutrient space plotted as a right angled mixture triangle, b increase in body mass (g) after 13 weeks of feeding, c Body fat as a percentage of body weight at 18 weeks of age as measured by EchoMRI, d Triglycerides measured from snap frozen liver samples (nmoles/mg tissue) and, e HOMA-IR calculated from glucose tolerance test. An effect of dietary macronutrient intake on the outcome of interest was inferred, when the non-null statistical model (i.e., that fitting an effect of macronutrient intake) led to a statistically significant increase in the deviance explained over the null model based on a χ2 test. a F0 % Fat Mass χ2 = 232.3, df = 10.04, p = 4.2e-8, n = 60, b F1 % Fat Mass χ2 = 22.29, df = 14.93, p = 6.8e-6, n = 60, c F0 HOMA-IR χ2 = 1.95, df = 9, p = 1.7e-5, n = 60, (D) F1 % HOMA-IR χ2 = 0.4, df = 9, p = 0.02, n = 60. Full output from model comparisons is provided in Source Data File 1. Source data for fathers a, c are provided in Source Data File 1, for female offspring (b) in Source Data File 2 and for male offspring (d) in Source Data File 3.