Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of the customizable electrocatalytic−biocatalytic flow system for solar-driven food production directly from CO₂.

a Electrocatalytic−biocatalytic flow system, in which CO₂ was first converted into formate by photovoltaics-powered electrocatalysis, followed by direct injection of produced formate into designed tandem bioreactors for food production. b Synthetic pathway for converting CO₂ to C₆ sugar—L-sorbose as a proof of concept.