Fig. 1: CAS reliably induces a persistent vigilance behavior with increased sensitivity to aversive stimuli in zebrafish.

a, b Illustration of experiment setup and procedures. Bottom panels show typical 5 min swimming patterns before and upon water or CAS addition. c Statistics of locomotor speed analysis of 30-min video recording in four groups. The upward arrow indicates injection of CAS or water and the downward arrow indicates transfer of the zebrafish to a new tank with fresh water after CAS injection. Each graph represents the average trace of 10 fish. d Illustration of the design and timeline for detecting response thresholds to four aversive stimuli: sound, electric shock, HCl, and cadaverine five min after prior CAS treatment. e Comparison of mean response thresholds to aversive stimuli before and 5 min after CAS or water treatment. N = 10 fish in each group. f The persistent change of response thresholds to each stimulus after CAS treatment for 30 min. N = 6 fish in each group. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns denotes no significant difference. For detailed statistics, see Supplementary Table 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.