Fig. 1: Synthesis and structural characterization of halogen atom-doped GQDs.
From: Halogen doped graphene quantum dots modulate TDP-43 phase separation and aggregation in the nucleus
a Schematic representation of the synthetic process for the three types of halogen atom-doped GQDs. b AFM images of the three types of halogen atom-doped GQDs with height profiles along the white lines. The imaging was independently repeated 3 times with similar observations. c–e 3D spectra of GQDs-Cl*, GQDs-Cl and Cl-GQDs-OH, respectively. f Time-resolved PL spectrum of the halogen atom-doped GQDs. g Comparative histogram of the elemental content of XPS spectra. h Confocal fluorescence images for all three types of halogen atom-doped GQDs. The imaging was independently repeated 3 times with similar observations. i The graph shows the percentage distribution of halogen atom-doped GQDs within the nucleus and cytoplasm compartments. Data correspond to the mean ± SD, n = 3. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
