Fig. 3: Flicker steady-state evoked potential across the brain.

A Top: Venn diagram showing proportion of contacts (n = 2067 contacts, 13 sessions, 13 subjects) with significant steady-state evoked potential (EP) to visual (V, orange), audio-visual (AV, green) and auditory (A, blue) flicker; absolute number of contacts are also shown. Center: Venn diagram showing significant responses to different flicker frequencies (5.5 Hz- light gray, 40 Hz- darker gray, 80 Hz- dark gray). Bottom: top stimulation frequency for each modality for contacts that responded to both visual and auditory flicker. Most contacts showed a preference for the same stimulation frequency when stimulated with either modality. B Approximate location of each contact (dots) and associated amplitude of steady-state EP, plotted on Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) normalized brain (top view), for each of 9 conditions: 5.5 Hz, 40 Hz, 80 Hz stimulation frequencies at visual (V), audio-visual (AV) and auditory (A) modalities. Color of larger dots indicates power fold-change in channels with significant steady-state EP, from yellow to red (0–10-fold or more increase in power). Smaller gray dots indicate no significant response. C Distribution of 40Hz-AV flicker steady-state EP across all contacts showing significant modulation from all subjects, categorized by functional networks (as previously defined by resting state functional connectivity characterized across 1000 healthy subjects⁸¹). Percent of contacts in that network with significant responses, with absolute number of contacts localized to those networks in parentheses (n = 1965 contacts, 13 sessions, 13 subjects). Open circles represent medians of the distributions, vertical lines indicate whisker plots, filled dots indicate each significant contact. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.