Fig. 3: Analysis of solvation structure evolution in hard carbons.
From: Consummating ion desolvation in hard carbon anodes for reversible sodium storage
a, b Raman (a) and FT-IR (b) spectra of electrolytes with different concentrations and the electrolyte configuration in the nanopore of hard carbons. c 23Na NMR spectra of pristine liquid electrolytes and hard carbon modified electrolytes. d, e Molecular dynamics simulation of the 1 M NaPF6-G2 electrolyte (d) and the electrolyte inside hard carbons (e). f Raman spectra of electrolytes in hard carbons with different aging times. g, h XPS spectra of Na 1s with different etching times (0–25 min) collected from the hard carbon immersed in 1 M NaPF6-G2 electrolytes (without Na metal) for 7 days (g) and 12 h (h). i, j ToF-SIMS mapping of CsNa+ (i) and Cs2F+ (j) for hard carbon immersed in ether electrolytes (without Na metal).
