Fig. 5: Online ICP-MS data during HER start-up/shutdown.

Online ICP-MS dissolution data obtained for (a) Mo (blue) and (b) S (yellow) in c-MoS2 (dark) and a-MoS3-x (pale) during start-up/shut-down stress tests. E vs. t profile shown in blue and red for c-MoS2 and a-MoS3-x, respectively. Dissolution rates expressed as material loss (M: either Mo or S) per time and catalyst geometric area. Preconditioning: 100 CVs, 0 to −0.25 VRHE, 100 mV s−1.