Fig. 4: Electrochemical tests, spectrum characterizations and calculation simulations of sulfur species evolution on various electrocatalysts.
From: Chlorine bridge bond-enabled binuclear copper complex for electrocatalyzing lithium–sulfur reactions

a Operando Raman spectra of S/Cu-2 cathode and catholyte on separator during the discharge/charge process at 0.2 C. b Binding energies of sulfur species on various substrates. c Gibbs free energy profiles for the sulfide conversion reactions on Cu-2 and Cu-1. d Potentiostatic discharge curves of Li2S8/tetraglyme solution on Cu-2, Cu-1 and rphenGO substrates, respectively. e SEM images of deposited Li2S. f The dissociation curves of Li2S on Cu-2, Cu-1 and rphenGO substrates. g SEM images of electrochemically dissociated Li2S.