Fig. 2: Fabrication path and process of biomass/biochar-based flash graphene.
From: Continuous and low-carbon production of biomass flash graphene
a Soot density of biomass/biochar-involved flash graphene production during alternating current flash Joule heating was simulated by fire dynamics simulator. Inset: digital images of biomass-involved flash graphene production during alternating current flash Joule heating with volatiles emission (upper) and 750 °C biochar-involved flash graphene production during alternating current flash Joule heating without volatiles emission (below). b Life cycle assessments system boundary of biomass/biochar-involved flash graphene production process. The produced bio-gas (such as H2 and CO) and bio-oil can be collected for fossil fuel substitution. Path A: Biomass is first treated by AC-FJH to produce preliminary FG, and then preliminary FG is fabricated by DC-FJH to produce FG; Path B: Biomass is first pyrolyzed to release pyrolytic volatiles and produce 300 °C biochar, then biochar treated by AC-FJH to produce preliminary FG, and finally preliminary FG is fabricated by DC-FJH to produce FG; Path C: Biomass is first pyrolyzed to release pyrolytic volatiles and produce 600 °C biochar, then biochar treated by AC-FJH to produce preliminary FG, and finally preliminary FG is fabricated by DC-FJH to produce FG; Path D: Biomass is first pyrolyzed to release pyrolytic volatiles and produce 750 °C biochar, then biochar treated by AC-FJH to produce preliminary FG, and finally preliminary FG is fabricated by DC-FJH to produce FG; Path E: Biomass is first pyrolyzed to release pyrolytic volatiles and produce 900 °C biochar, then biochar treated by AC-FJH to produce preliminary FG, and finally preliminary FG is fabricated by DC-FJH to produce FG. *Note: “Loss1” refers to the bio-oil and depletion in AC-FJH. #Note: “Loss2” refers to the pyrolytic volatiles (probably bio-oil or gas) and depletion in DC-FJH. @Note: In the AC-FJH reaction, bio-gas is produced only in the path of biomass and 300 °C biochar as feedstock. c Intensity ratio of the 2D and G bands (in Raman spectra) of flash graphene fabricated from Paths A-E. d Equivalent circuit diagram of direct current flash Joule heating system.
