Table 1 Description of the simulated scenarios

Scenario	Descent rule	Residence rule	Fission type	Variance in reproductive success	Violent competition	Preceded by 100 generations of bilateral descent
1	Bilateral	Patrilocal	None	No	No	No
2a	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Random	No	No	No
2b	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Random	No	Yes	No
2c	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	No	No	No
2d	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	No	Yes	No
2e	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Random	Yes	No	No
2f	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Random	Yes	Yes	No
2g	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	Yes	No	No
2h	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	Yes	Yes	No
3a	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	Yes	No	Yes (patrilocal)
3b	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	Yes	No	Yes (multilocal)
3c	Patrilineal	Patrilocal	Lineal	Yes	No	Yes (matrilocal)

This table shows the settings for the different simulated scenarios. All scenarios from 1 to 2h have been simulated with or without a small proportion of intervillage male migration (2% per generation), and all scenarios from 2a to 2h have been simulated with or without post-fission group migration. Scenarios 3a to 3c correspond to scenarios with two transitions of kinship rules (see Supplementary Fig. 2).

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