Fig. 3: Product selectivity and electrochemical performance for S@Mn1-PNC, S@Fe1-PNC, S@Co1-PNC, S@Sn1-PNC, S@Ni1-PNC, and S@Cu1-PNC.

a Initial discharge and (b) charge profiles. c The percentages of short-chain polysulfides in the initial discharges. d Cycling performances at current density of 0.2 mA g−1. e Rate performances. f Long-term cycling performance of S@Mn1-PNC at the current density of 2 A g−1.