Fig. 3: Osmotic energy generation performance.
From: All-natural 2D nanofluidics as highly-efficient osmotic energy generators
a Schematic of the osmotic energy conversion based on the 2D-NNF. b I-V curves of the membrane under a transmembrane salinity gradient (0.5 M/0.01 M NaCl) before (blue line) and after (red line) the subtraction of the contribution of redox potential. The inset picture shows the equivalent circuit of the power source. c The output power density and current density as the functions of load resistances. Power output under 0.5 M/0.01 M NaCl salinity gradients, which exhibits a maximum value of ~8.61 W m−2 at the load resistance of ~6 kΩ. d The output power densities at different concentration folds. The high-salinity solution is fixed at 0.5 M NaCl, and low-salinity is varied from 1 mM to 100 mM. The maximum value is 15.87 W m−2. e Membrane resistances at different thicknesses under a series of concentration gradient. The low concentration side is set to 0.1 mM. f Comparisons of osmotic energy harvesting capacity of 2D-NNF with the reported 2D nanofluidics, the reference numbers are from Supplementary Table 5. The error bars in (d) and (e) represent the standard deviations for four measurements. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
