Fig. 4: Ion-dependent osmotic energy generation.
From: All-natural 2D nanofluidics as highly-efficient osmotic energy generators
a The power densities at different electrolytes as a function of the external resistance. b The maximum power generation under different species of ion at a 50-fold salinity gradient (0.5 M/0.01 M). c The calculated binding energy between monovalent or divalent cations and nanosheets. Insets show the configurations of the binding energy between cations and unit cell. d Ion mobility ratio and cation diffusion coefficient relating to the hydrated cation diameter calculated by MD simulation under 1 M electrolyte system. The error bars in (b) and (d) represent the standard deviations for four measurements. All the vertical dashed lines in the figure represent the dividing lines for distinguishing between monovalent and divalent cations. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
