Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of neural network kinetics (NNK) framework.

a The on-lattice structure and chemistry representation of the entire system. A vacancy and its local atomic environment are encoded into a digital matrix (neuron map). b NNK framework consists of a neural network that outputs vacancy migration barriers, and a neuron kinetics module that implements neuron jump (diffusion jump) based on kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC). See “Methods” for details on neuron kinetics. Vacancy jumps and chemical evolution are efficiently modeled by swapping of neurons and neuron map evolution.