Fig. 1: Structural analyses of the as-synthesized MnCoOx catalysts.

a SEM image of MnCoOx-0.5. b TEM image of MnCoOx-0.5 with an insert showing a corresponding electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. c Schematic illustration of the grain boundary of MnCoOx with varied Mn/Co ratio. d Raman spectra. (Yellow shading area: the vibrational bonds of Co species in MnCoOx; blue shading area: the vibrational bonds of Mn species in MnO2) e XPS spectra. f A correlation of cumulative area under H2 reduction peaks (I & II & III) and O2 desorption peaks (I & II) (Dash line: it was drawn to guide the readers’ eyes). (Source Data are provided as a Source Data file).