Fig. 2: VP GABA and glutamate neurons are activated by aversive stimuli.

GCaMP fluorescence recorded from (A). VP GABA (n = 6 mice) and (B). VP Glut neurons (n = 6 mice) upon interaction with chocolate-flavored (blue traces) and quinine-coated pellets (red traces) (t = 0 s). Insets show mean peak z-score per animal during specified periods (baseline, pre-event, and event) associated with chocolate pellet interaction (top), and during the initial 1-s of interaction with specified pellet type (chocolate and quinine-coated) (bottom). C VP GABA (n = 5 mice) and (D). Glut neuron (n = 4 mice) responses upon delivery of a 5-s auditory cue (t = 0 s; conditioned stimulus, CS+) followed immediately by a 0.5 s 0.6 mA foot shock (t = 5 s; unconditioned stimulus, US) during conditioning session (orange traces) and a subsequent extinction session (purple traces) when no shocks were delivered (CS+ only). Insets show mean peak z-score per animal during a 1-s period at the onset of specified stimuli (CS+, top; US, bottom) during specified sessions (conditioning and extinction). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Tukey post-hoc following one-way ANOVA; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01 by two-tailed paired t-test; ^&p < 0.05^{, &&}p < 0.01 by Sidak post-hoc following RM two-way ANOVA. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. See Tables S1 and S2, also Fig. S1 and S2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.