Table 3 Summary of rationales for and against public engagement mentioned across focus groups and technologies

From: Public engagement for inclusive and sustainable governance of climate interventions

Rationale

Technological focus

Frequency across countries

For

To raise awareness

SRM in general

High

To foster learning by doing and stimulate agency

CDR in general, AF/RF, SOILS,  no mentions for SRM

Medium

To ensure affected parties are heard

SOILS, DACCS, EW, SAI

Low

To avoid conflict, engage with opposition & secure support

DACCS, BECCS, SAI

Medium

To keep big business in line

SRM in general

Low

To pressure government to act

CDR in general, SAI

Low

To gain knowledge

CDR in general, AF/RF, SRM in general

Low

Against

Too complex & too technical, incl. risk of manipulation

SRM in general, SAI, SPACE

High

Other priorities of publics

AF/RF

Low

Trust and support government, often linked to complexity

DACCS, SAI, SPACE

Medium

Makes decision processes inefficient, slow or impossible

BECCS, but emphasis not pronounced

Low

  1. Low frequency = mentioned in 7 countries or less; medium frequency = mentioned in 8–14 countries; high frequency = mentioned in 15 countries or more “SRM in general” and “CDR in general” are used where participants refer collectively to SRM or CDR, without specifying which particular method or technology they speak to.
  2. SRM solar radiation modification, CDR carbon dioxide removal, AF/RF afforestation, reforestation and restoration, SOILS soil carbon sequestration and biochar, EW enhanced rock weathering, DACCS direct air capture and carbon storage, BECCS bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, MCB marine cloud brightening, SAI stratospheric aerosol injection, SPACE space-based geoengineering.