Fig. 4: tFUS-GC’s effects are conveyed through the theta frequency of the dorsal pathway.
a The canonical dorsal and ventral visual processing pathways with their FreeSurfer associated labels. b–e Grand-average |Pearson’s r| values for theta frequency absolute correlation for b non-modulated, c tFUS-GC, d decoupled-sham, and e tFUS-GP of the mVEP BCI epochs. f–i Raincloud plots of the correlation coefficient in theta-alpha frequencies for dorsal and ventral pathways. The left portion of each subplot is a violin plot highlighting the distribution of the data. A box plot is at the center, marking the data median (center line), 1st and 3rd quartiles (whiskers = 1.5 * quartile ranges) and means (black triangle). The raw datapoints are presented to the right. Data are analyzed with the results of the linear mixed-effect models. f The dorsal pathway (V5-SP) theta frequency band correlation is significantly reduced for the decoupled-sham condition compared to the others. g The ventral pathway (V5-IT) theta frequency band is significantly decorrelated for both the tFUS-GC and decoupled-sham compared to the non-modulated condition. h There is no significant difference across alpha frequency correlations for any of the conditions in the dorsal pathway. i tFUS-GC and the decoupled-sham alpha frequency bands are significantly decorrelated compared to the non-modulated and tFUS-GP conditions, but not from each other. One-tailed z-test with false-discovery rate correction key: *padjusted < 0.05, **padjusted < 0.01. Source data are provided within the Source Data file.
