Fig. 7: Illustration of how maximum likelihood estimation integration (MLE) could result in lower among-study variance in response to manipulations of perceived predation risk when two redundant cues are integrated relative to the among-study variance when either cue type is presented alone.

Each panel illustrates the same five hypothetical populations (shown in five distinct colours). If there is across-study heterogeneity in the probability function associated with study-specific unimodal cues, as shown in (A) (Acoustic) and (B) (Visual), then even if the mean and among-study variance in response to each of the two unimodal cues are identical, maximum likelihood integration will result in lower among-study variance, as shown in (C).