Fig. 3: Season-specific sensitivity of leaf senescence to shading in the GS and OW self-shading experiments.

a Treatments of self-shading experiments with representative GS and OW cohorts. A thread was used to move the upper leaf to keep the target leaf (dark green) shaded or exposed (arrow). Responses in leaf longevity in the GS (b) and OW (c) self-shading experiments. Number of total or senescence-related upregulated, downregulated, and bidirectionally-regulated DEGs in the GS (total, d; senescence-related, e) and OW (total, f) self-shading experiments. We designated higher expression in the senescence-enhancing treatment (i.e., shaded) as upregulation. Upregulated and downregulated DEGs include those significantly upregulated once or at more time points, and vice versa, respectively. The bidirectionally regulated DEGs are those significantly regulated to different directions at different times. g Ratio of senescence-related DEGs (figures = number of genes) for nine categories (total 526 counts for the 432 genes, allowing multiple counts of single genes in different categories). ND and UN represent genes that were not DEGs and unexpressed, respectively. Heat maps showing the time-series of gene expression under the shaded (S) and exposed (E) treatments in the GS and OW cohorts. Results are shown for nine genes related to light and ABA signalling (h), NAC transcription factors (i), WRKY transcription factors (j), dark-induced-senescence (k) and chlorophyll catabolism (k, bold), response to oxidative stress (l), N starvation (m) and translocation (m, bold), phosphate (Pi) starvation (n) and translocation (n, bold), and immunity-mediated senescence (o). Data are presented as z-scores calculated for each gene across all combinations of cohorts, treatments, and time points. All statistics are two-sided. The multiplicity of the tests is corrected by the Bonferroni method (g–o). Source data are provided as a source data file.