Table 1 Glossary of key terms
Ecosystem function | Natural processes (biological and geochemical) that can be used as indicators for the provision of ecosystem services. |
Ecosystem service | The benefits (goods and services) people obtain from ecosystems. |
Ecosystem multifunctionality | The ability of ecosystems to provide multiple functions or services simultaneously. |
Ecological ecosystem multifunctionality | Multifunctionality is calculated as the weighted average of the normalized levels of different ecosystem functions. Here, weightings are based on measured preferences of four stakeholder groups (farmers, local residents, environmental conservation agencies, tourism), derived from survey data41 that were adapted to the ecosystem services assessed in this study. To ensure consistency with previous studies, we added a scenario of equal weighting of each ecosystem function and a scenario of equal weighting of each ecosystem service (the latter represents a weighting of each ecosystem function according to their relative share of the respective ecosystem service (e.g., as each of the six ecosystem services is weighted with 1/6 the three functions that make up the service ‘soil biodiversity conservation’ are weighted with 1/18 each, see Fig. 2 and Methods). Visualised in shades of blue. |
Economic ecosystem multifunctionality | Multifunctionality calculated as the sum of the monetary values of the ecosystem services assessed. The ecosystem service ‘landscape aesthetics’ was not monetised due to lack of data availability. Visualised in shades of orange. |
Economic ecosystem multifunctionality (farmers) | The monetary ecosystem service value farmers directly receive from the ecosystem (consisting of food production and the two insurance-providing ecosystem services biodiversity and soil health that have an economic value (willingness to pay) for the risk-averse farmer on top of the productivity effects). Visualised in shades of orange in Fig. 2. |
Sustainable management | Land management refraining from the application of mineral nitrogen fertiliser and pesticides. |
Intensive management | Land management making use of the application of mineral nitrogen fertiliser and pesticides. |
