Fig. 1: Changes in the proteomic profile of plasma and EVPs after 3-day spaceflight.

a Overview of study design, sample collection, and processing of plasma and EVP proteomics. b Venn diagram of proteins measured in plasma and EVP, before (left) and after (right) filtering, based on the coefficient of variance, low abundance, and number of not assessed (NAs). c Upset plot showing the overlap of differentially abundant proteins (adjusted p-value < 0.05, |logFC | >1) across the different comparisons performed in plasma and EVPs. Differential abundance analysis was performed with limma with the following model ~astronaut+flightSatus and p-values have been adjusted to control the false discovery rate d Boxplots of the scaled abundance of the 9 proteins differentially abundant in both plasma and EVPs. Where available, data represents n = 4 astronauts averaged at the indicated condition (preflight and long-term postflight). Plasma data is the average of two technical replicates, EVP data represents one technical replicate per astronaut and timepoint. Boxes show the quartiles of the dataset while the whiskers extend to show the rest of the distribution except for outliers. e Gene Ontology enrichment was performed using clusterProfiler::enrichGO() on differentially abundant proteins in plasma (adjusted p-value < 0.05, |logFC | >1) at R + 1 vs. Preflight. Biological processes (BP) were selected, and treeplot was used to organize significant pathways (adjusted p-value < 0.05) into biologically relevant clusters. f Gene Ontology enrichment was performed using clusterProfiler::enrichGO() on differentially abundant proteins in the EVPs (adjusted p-value < 0.05, |logFC | >1) at R + 1 vs. Preflight. Biological processes were selected, and treeplot was used to organize and cluster the significant pathways (adjusted p-value < 0.05) into biologically relevant clusters. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.