Fig. 3: Relationships between the net biodiversity effect (NBE) on invasion resistance and number of species in the mixture.

Relationships were tested using the QM tests for datasets of all environmental change factors (a), warming (b), drought (c), elevated CO2 (d), eutrophication (e), pesticide (f), grazing (g), fire (h) and physical disturbance (i). Positive values of NBE indicate higher invasion resistance of resident mixtures in comparison to resident monocultures, whereas negative values indicate the opposite. Blue indicates the ambient condition and red indicates the manipulated environmental condition. Symbols of environmental change factors are created by Yue Chen.