Fig. 4: Effects of environmental change factors on the productivity of resident monocultures and their relationship with the difference in the net biodiversity effect on invasion resistance between ambient and manipulated environmental conditions (∆NBE).

In panel a, positive values of the factor effect on resident productivity indicate that environmental change factors increase the productivity of resident monocultures and thus provide a favorable condition, and negative values indicate that environmental change factors decrease the productivity of resident monocultures and thus provide a stressful condition. The numbers in brackets show the number of effect sizes. Points with error bars are the estimated means with corrected 95% confidence intervals. Confidence intervals not overlapping with the dashed line (i.e. 0) indicate statistical significance, as indicated by asterisks. Green shading indicates the analysis on all environmental change factors and yellow shading indicates the analysis on different numbers of factors. In panel b, the relationship between ∆NBE and the factor effect on resident productivity was tested using the Q_M test.