Table 3 Frequencies of Causes of First Recurrence and Death Within 3 Years After Surgery in Patients Who Underwent Robotic or Laparoscopic Surgery

From: Robotic versus laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for resectable gastric cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial

Events

No. (%)

Risk Differencea

Hazard Ratio (95% CI)b

p valuec

Adjusted p valued

RDG (n = 141)

LDG (n = 142)

Any recurrencee

17 (12.1%)

30 (21.1%)

0.092

0.546 (0.302-0.990)

0.046

0.046

  Local

3 (2.1%)

11 (7.7%)

0.056

0.266 (0.075-0.950)

0.041

0.144

  Peritoneum

5 (3.5%)

8 (5.6%)

0.021

0.627 (0.206-1.911)

0.412

0.535

  Liver

4 (2.8%)

6 (4.2%)

0.014

0.670 (0.190-2.379)

0.535

0.535

  Multiple sitesf

6 (4.3%)

9 (6.3%)

0.021

0.665 (0.238-1.862)

0.438

0.535

  Other or uncertain sitesg

9 (6.4%)

17 (12.0%)

0.056

0.518 (0.232-1.159)

0.109

0.254

Cause of deathh

16 (11.3%)

31 (21.8%)

0.107

0.498 (0.273-0.911)

0.024

NAi

  Gastric cancer

13 (81.3%)

26 (83.9%)

0.092

0.485 (0.249-0.944)

0.033

0.144

  Other causesj

3 (18.8%)

5 (16.1%)

0.014

0.594 (0.143-2.472)

0.474

0.535

  1. aExcept for all-cause death, the risk difference was calculated by subtracting the cumulative incidence in the first 3 years of the robotic group from that of the laparoscopic group, in presence of competing events; for all-cause death, the risk difference was calculated by subtracting the 3-year overall survival rate of the robotic group from that of the laparoscopic group.
  2. bExcept for all-cause death, competing-risks survival regression was used to derive the hazard ratio, 95% CI, and P value. For total recurrence, all-cause death was the competing event; for the specific types of recurrence, other types of recurrence and death were the competing events; for gastric cancer cause of death, other causes of death were the competing events, and vice versa. Univariate Cox regression was used for all-cause death.
  3. cP values for the hazard ratios.
  4. dP values adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg method.
  5. eRefers only to first-time recurrence, even though patients can have recurrence at multiple times.
  6. fIncludes patients who have recurrence simultaneously in 2 or more metastatic sites, including peritoneum, liver, lung, bone, brain, distant lymph node, or other hematogenous metastatic sites
  7. gIncludes hematogenous recurrence at sites other than liver (ie, lung, bone, brain), recurrence at distant lymph node, and recurrence at uncertain sites.
  8. hPost hoc exploratory outcomes.
  9. iUnivariate Cox regression was used for all-cause death.
  10. jIncludes other cancers, diseases other than cancer, unintentional injuries, and unknown causes.
  11. RDG robotic distal gastrectomy, LDG laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, CI confidence interval, NA not applicable.
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