Fig. 2: MMV-Gel triggers apoptosis and suppresses proliferation on the activated T cells.

a Expression of FasL on RBCs, PLTs, aPLTs and MSCs determined by flow cytometry. MFI, mean fluorescent intensity. arb. unit, arbitrary unit. b Expression of PD-L1 on MSCs after treatment with IFN-γ for 12 h determined by flow cytometry. c Particle size and TEM image of MMVs. Scale bar, 50 nm. d Total (early plus late) apoptotic percentages of T cells within the activated splenocytes after treatment with varying amounts of MMVs determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining assay. e Total apoptotic percentages of T cells within the activated splenocytes after treatment with MMVs (20 μg) in the absence and presence of aFasL. f Proliferation of T cells within the activated splenocytes after treatment with MMVs (10 μg) in the absence and presence of aPD-L1 or aFasL determined by CFSE dilution assay. g Gelation of MMV-Gel by mixing MMVs and a-HA examined by tube inversion assay. h Rheology measurement of MMV-Gel. i SEM images of MMV-Gel. Scale bars, 100 μm (low magnification) and 500 nm (high magnification). j Three-dimensional reconstructed confocal microscopic image of Rho-MMV-Gel. Scale bar, 50 μm. Fluorescent imaging (k) and quantification (l) of viability of the activated T cells infiltrating in L-Gel and MMV-Gel for 48 h examined by calcein AM/PI double-staining assay. Scale bar, 100 μm. Fluorescent imaging (m) and quantification (n) of expression of PD1 on the activated T infiltrating in L-Gel and MMV-Gel for 24 h. Scale bar, 5 μm. Representative is displayed from 3 independent experiments (c, g–k, m). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) (n = 6 independent samples in a, b, d–f; n = 3 independent samples in l, n). One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis of a, f. Two-tailed unpaired t-test was used for statistical analysis of b, e, l, n). Source data are provided as a source data file.