Table 1 Baseline characteristics and comparison between those who died before 24 weeks vs remained alive at 48 weeks
From: Biomarkers of mortality in adults and adolescents with advanced HIV in sub-Saharan Africa
Variable | Overall median (IQR) | Deaths before 24 weeks median (IQR) | Alive at 48 weeks median (IQR) | Hazard ratioa | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline clinical characteristics | |||||
Age, years | 37 (30–43) | 38 (30–44) | 36 (30–43) | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 0.01 |
Sex, female | 292 (49%) | 88 (52%) | 204 (47%) | 1.46 (1.00–2.14) | 0.05 |
CD4 count, cells/uL | 34 (15–64) | 24 (10–46) | 38 (16–67) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.003 |
BMI, kg/m2 [N = 593] | 19 (17–21) | 18 (16–19) | 19 (17–21) | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | <0.001 |
WHO Stage at enrolment: 3–4 | 351 (59%) | 130 (77%) | 221 (51%) | 2.69 (1.64–4.39) | <0.001 |
Enhanced prophylaxis | 295 (49%) | 69 (41%) | 226 (53%) | 0.55 (0.37–0.81) | 0.002 |
Plasma HIV RNA, log 10 copies/mL | 5.43 (5.04–5.79) | 5.55 (5.14–5.96) | 5.40 (4.97–5.71) | 1.35 (0.93–1.95) | 0.11 |
Centre: Centre A | 222 (37%) | 39 (23%) | 183 (43%) | 1 | <0.001 |
Centre B | 68 (11%) | 26 (15%) | 42 (10%) | 1.74 (0.95–3.19) | |
Centre C | 29 (5%) | 13 (8%) | 16 (4%) | 1.01 (0.45–2.27) | |
Centre D | 66 (11%) | 26 (15%) | 40 (9%) | 3.37 (1.87–6.09) | |
Centre E | 52 (9%) | 21 (12%) | 31 (7%) | 4.58 (2.29–9.14) | |
Centre F | 101 (17%) | 21 (12%) | 80 (19%) | 2.54 (1.32–4.89) | |
Centre G | 61 (10%) | 23 (14%) | 38 (9%) | 2.08 (1.08–4.01) | |
Baseline biomarkers (pg/ml unless otherwise stated) | |||||
CD163 (ng/ml) [N = 597] | 838 (516–1398) | 930 (516–1507) | 812 (516–1330) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.90 |
CRP (mg/l) [N = 597] | 6 (2–39) | 33 (5–130) | 4 (1–20) | 2.46 (1.92–3.15) | <0.001c |
sCD14 (ng/ml) [N = 597] | 3609 (2398–5120) | 4550 (3498–6247) | 3234 (2238–4765) | 2.23 (1.64–3.03) | <0.001c |
I-FABP [N = 596] | 1897 (1112–3339) | 1602 (803–3311) | 1995 (1196–3340) | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | <0.001c |
IFN-γ [N = 588] | 182 (98–380) | 280 (161–632) | 154 (83–296) | 3.66 (2.06–6.50) | <0.001c |
IL-2 [N = 588] | 34 (23–51) | 34 (23–51) | 34 (23–51) | 0.72 (0.32–1.61) | 0.42 |
IL-4 [N = 588] | 44 (10–151) | 70 (10–190) | 35 (10–129) | 1.36 (0.98–1.89) | 0.07 |
IL-8 [N = 588] | 64 (23–156) | 97 (39–233) | 54 (18–128) | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 0.28 |
IL-9 [N = 588] | 147 (41–401) | 157 (33–413) | 145 (43–400) | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 0.91 |
IL-18 [N = 588] | 190 (103–409) | 326 (169–673) | 160 (90–310) | 3.88 (2.20–6.84) | <0.001c |
IL-23 [N = 588] | 490 (164–1274) | 424 (119–1166) | 539 (185–1292) | 0.85 (0.60–1.19) | 0.34 |
IP-10 [N = 588] | 587 (240–1489) | 988 (373–2369) | 481 (208–1157) | 1.25 (0.89–1.76) | 0.19 |
RANTES [N = 588] | 304 (201–876) | 320 (197–681) | 303 (201–982) | 0.52 (0.33–0.81) | 0.004c |
D-dimer (ng/ml) [N = 597] | 3937 (2010–6722) | 4503 (2223–8299) | 3674 (1940–6083) | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 0.05 |
Eotaxin [N = 588] | 64 (37–116) | 85 (49–164) | 58 (34–103) | 1.17 (0.56–2.44) | 0.67 |
GM-CSF [N = 588] | 44 (20–98) | 50 (21–97) | 42 (19–98) | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) | 0.56 |
GROA [N = 588] | 77 (33–157) | 80 (32–158) | 76 (33–156) | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.40 |
IFNα [N = 587] | 0.5 (0.5–5.4) | 0.5 (0.5–4.7) | 0.5 (0.5–5.5) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.06 |
IL-1α [N = 588] | 0.71 (0.71–1.08) | 0.71 (0.71–2.27) | 0.71 (0.71–0.73) | 1.22 (0.82–1.81) | 0.34 |
IL-1β [N = 588] | 50 (22–94) | 50 (24–109) | 47 (22–90) | 1.12 (0.75–1.67) | 0.58 |
IL1-RA [N = 588] | 173 (34–1141) | 807 (34–3005) | 34 (34–681) | 1.64 (1.29–2.09) | <0.001c |
IL-5 [N = 588] | 60 (34–106) | 61 (37–106) | 59 (32–106) | 0.98 (0.57–1.69) | 0.95 |
IL-6 [N = 588] | 91 (47–198) | 114 (60–231) | 83 (42–183) | 1.75 (1.09–2.80) | 0.02 |
IL-7 [N = 588] | 2.9 (1.0–7.2) | 3.1 (1.3–8.6) | 2.6 (1.0–6.5) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.49 |
IL-10 [N = 588] | 12 (3–29) | 14 (5–36) | 11 (3–26) | 1.26 (0.86–1.85) | 0.23 |
IL-12p70 [N = 588] | 15 (12–31) | 17 (12–33) | 14 (12–30) | 1.67 (0.85–3.27) | 0.14 |
IL-13 [N = 588] | 9 (5–19) | 11 (5–22) | 8 (5–18) | 1.53 (0.83–2.82) | 0.17 |
IL-15 [N = 588] | 3 (3–21) | 3 (3–25) | 3 (3–19) | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 0.80 |
IL-17A [N = 588] | 15 (8–26) | 16 (9–28) | 15 (8–25) | 1.20 (0.70–2.06) | 0.52 |
IL-21 [N = 588] | 164 (69–329) | 172 (59–390) | 162 (70–319) | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 0.55 |
IL-22 [N = 588] | 167 (72–382) | 176 (70–419) | 166 (72–375) | 1.12 (0.73–1.70) | 0.60 |
IL-27 [N = 588] | 100 (34–268) | 108 (34–272) | 95 (34–263) | 1.14 (0.77–1.69) | 0.51 |
IL-31 [N = 587] | 30 (7–190) | 57 (7–282) | 27 (7–175) | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 0.64 |
LBP (mg/l) [N = 597] | 35 (22–61) | 46 (26–105) | 31 (20–50) | 1.82 (1.46–2.26) | <0.001c |
MCP1 [N = 588] | 110 (61–208) | 129 (72–224) | 102 (57–198) | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) | 0.40 |
MIP1α [N = 588] | 10 (5–25) | 12 (7–32) | 9 (4–23) | 1.10 (0.76–1.61) | 0.61 |
MIP1β [N = 588] | 99 (64–179) | 108 (70–219) | 91 (60–174) | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 0.52 |
SDF1A [N = 588] | 702 (451–1241) | 703 (487–1257) | 700 (449–1241) | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 0.27 |
sST2 [N = 597] | 13716 (8397–24731) | 27548 (13195–64521) | 11654 (7856–17856) | 1.63 (1.32–2.01) | <0.001c |
TNFα [N = 588] | 64 (35–105) | 69 (35–112) | 62 (35–101) | 1.26 (0.68–2.33) | 0.46 |
TNFβ [N = 588] | 10 (10–136) | 10 (10–239) | 10 (10–109) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.64 |
A1AT (mg/l) [N = 277]b | 288 (143–564) | 420 (192–751) | 259 (136–518) | 1.33 (1.01–1.76) | 0.05 |
MPO (ng/ml) [N = 277] b | 1811 (770–4771) | 2287 (770–7577) | 1769 (770–4212) | 1.37 (1.09–1.71) | 0.01c |
NEO (nmol/L) [N = 276] b | 285 (82–1247) | 318 (86–1481) | 283 (81–1192) | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) | 0.31 |
