Fig. 5: T cell exhaustion triggered by ligand-receptor interactions between M2 macrophages and CD8+ T cells.

a The Cellchat software was used to assess differences in cell communication between CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages before CAR-T cell therapy, during CAR-T cell expansion, and during disease progression in patients with PD. b The ligand-receptor interactions of M2 macrophages and CD8 T cells were predicted before CAR-T cell therapy, during CAR-T cell expansion, and during disease progression. p values are computed from one-sided permutation test. c Expression of ligands (APOE, ARF1, LGALS9, NECTIN2, and CD86) on M2 macrophages, and expression of receptors (SORL1, FAS, HAVCA2, TIGIT, and CTLA4) on CD8+ Teff, CD8+ Tex, and CD8+ Prolif cells. n = 3 for before CAR-T cell therapy group, n = 3 for at CAR-T cell expansion group, and n = 2 for at disease progression group in patients with PD.