Fig. 1: The relationship between land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and emissions trading in 2 °C scenarios.

a Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions permits traded globally with vs. without Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR); b CDR Deployment (Afforestation/Deforestation (A/R) and Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)) globally with vs. without international emissions permit trading. The inlaid tables in each panel are cumulative emissions from 2020 to 2100 that are traded (Total CO₂ Trade) and removed (Total CDR) in the different scenarios. A/R in panel (b) is defined as net negative land CO₂ emissions (net positive land use emissions in early years are not shown) and BECCS removals (land use change emissions excluded).