Fig. 6: Stability of perovskite films and device stability.

a Surface SEM images of films after storage in 85% RH at room temperature (~23°C). b XRD spectra of control and target films under 85°C heating (~25% RH) and 1-sun illumination in ambient air (20–30 °C, ~25% RH), (c) Long-term stability of unencapsulated devices stored under ambient conditions of ~10% RH and 20–30 °C. d Operational stability of the unencapsulated devices under continuous 1-sun illumination in N2 glovebox. e PCE evolution of unencapsulated devices stored under ~85 °C and ~25% RH. f PCE evolution of encapsulated devices stored under ~85% RH and ~23 °C. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.