Fig. 6: SpinMed, as an individualized preclinical product repairs complicated nerve defects in canines with long-term followup.

a Illustration of surgical procedures performed in complicated sciatic nerve defects in the “Single” “SpinMed” “Decellularized graft” and “Autograft” groups. b Surgical images of application methods in various groups, with labels for sciatic nerve (1), tibial nerve (2), and common peroneal nerve (3). c Analysis of nerve conduction velocity and CMAP amplitude recovery index by electrophysiology assessment at postoperative 8 and 12 months (n = 3). d, e Illustration of the sample collection positions at postoperative 12 months for TEM detection (d), where transverse ultrastructural views were obtained (n = 3) (e). Panel d created with BioRender.com released under CC BY-NC-ND. f, g Quantification of parameters for the nerve ultrastructural analysis at the P3 and P4, including the myelin sheath thickness (f) and the g-ratio (g) (n = 3). h, i Representative images of H&E (upper row) and toluidine blue (lower row) staining for regenerative nerves collected from the P2 at postoperative 12 months (n = 3) (h), and quantification of the number of myelinated nerve fibers (i). Sing. single counterpart, Spin. SpinMed, Decell. decellularized graft, Auto. autograft. Mean values are shown and error bars represent ±s.d., as analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests in (c, f, g, and i).