Fig. 1: Self-powered triboelectric-responsive MNs with controllable release of EXPLOR engineered EV for IVDD repair.
A Self-powered triboelectric-responsive EXPLOR engineered EV release for biologically targeted IVDD treatment via optically reversible protein-protein interactions. B EXPLOR engineered EV-delivered TRAM1 protein increased TRAM1-TREX1 complex assembly, blocking TREX1 nuclear localization and promoting TREX1 anchoring in the ER, which exhibited protective effects for cytosolic damaged DNA elimination, inhibited cGAS-STING axis activation-mediated inflammatory response and alleviated the progression of IVDD. C Schematic of EXPLOR engineered EV loading and release of triboelectric-responsive MNs using the electrochemical characteristics of polypyrrole (PPy). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and indium tin oxide-polyester (ITO-PET) acted as two dissimilar frictional layers. Polylactic acid (PLA) and the Aurum (Au) layer acted as triboelectric-responsive MNs for controllable release of EXPLOR engineered EVs. D Wearable self-powered triboelectric-responsive MNs for controllable release of EXPLOR engineered EVs. E Electrical output under various motion frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 Hz, including Voc, Isc, and Qtr (Representative plot of three independent technical experiments).
