Fig. 1: High expression of LILRB1 is closely related to aggressive behaviors of MM and poor survival of patients.

a Analysis of GEP between MM patients with survival <2 years (n = 54) and MM patients with survival ≥4 years (n = 54) in Zhan’s MM 2 dataset. Genes with significantly different mRNA expression (P < 0.05) were demonstrated. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student t-test. b Heatmap of 24 top-ranked upregulated genes in MM patients with survival <2 years (n = 54) compared to MM patients with survival ≥ 4 years (n = 54). c LILRB1 expression in purified human MM cells from patients with recurrence (n = 26) and without recurrence (n = 38) in Carrasco’s MM dataset. d LILRB1 expression in purified plasma cells from human MM (n = 12), MGUS (n = 44), or normal healthy donors (n = 22) in Zhan’s MM 3 dataset. e LILRB1 expression in purified human MM cells of patients with stage I (n = 122), stage II (n = 88), or stage III MM (n = 83) in Broyl’s MM dataset. f LILRB1 expression in purified MM cells of patients with low-risk MM (n = 465), defined as without del (17p), del (1p), gain (1q), t (4;14), t (14;16) and t (14;20), and patients with t (4;14) translocation (n = 87) from MMRF dataset. For (c–f), statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student t-test; data are presented as mean ± SD. g, h Survival of MM patients with high LILRB1 (LILRB1high) and low LILRB1 (LILRB1low) expression in Mulligan’s MM dataset (g) and Zhan’s MM 2 dataset (h). MM patients were sorted by the expression level of LILRB1 and the top 25% patients with highest expression of LILRB1 were defined as LILRB1high and the rest were defined as LILRB1low patients. For (g, h), statistical significance was determined by Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test and the p-value was demonstrated. i Western blot showing the protein expression of LILRB1 in human B cells from healthy donors and MM cell lines. The independent experiment was repeated three times and the representative images are shown. j Flow cytometry showing the expression of LILRB1 on primary MM cells from patients (n = 24). n, biological repeats, different patient samples. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.