Table 2 Examples of AI applications in different categories

Equipment

Aging equipment

Failure detection, predictive maintenance⁵³

√

Imperfect design

MEP clash

BIM model checker²²

√

Complex design

Architectural design optimization³²

√

√

Imperfect construction

Schedule management

Project schedule optimizer³³

√

Envelope leakage, infiltration

Drone/robotic construction⁵⁴

√

√

3D concrete printing/digital construction⁵⁵

√

√

Workforce/safety management

Safety sensors, image recognition⁵⁶

√

Subpar controls/operation

System malfunction/failure

Fault detection diagnostics (FDD)⁵⁷

√

√

Optimal control

Model predictive control; deep learning; reinforcement learning¹¹

√

Occupant influence

Thermal comfort

Smart occupancy sensor, behavior prediction^38,39,40

√

Education, training

High labor cost, low scalability

AI-based software, tools⁵⁸

√