Fig. 1: Sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis are altered along with development.

a SSS-based long-term sleep phenotyping during post-weaning development (from P21 to P84). b Diagram of transition probabilities between sleep and wakefulness. When P_WS or P_SW is increased, the wake or sleep state becomes unstable. c–e Daily sleep duration (c), P_WS (d), and P_SW (e) in developing mice (n = 10). The blue points represent the average sleep parameters at each age. Two-sided Student’s paired t-test with Bonferroni correction was used on mice aged 4, 8, and 12 weeks. f Schematic representation of sleep deprivation (SD) experiments performed on developing mice (n = 12) at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. Mice were freely behaving during the first 3 days, and the averaged value of sleep parameters is shown as Basal. On the fourth day, SD was performed for 6 h from ZT0 to ZT6. On the fifth (Saline) and sixth (MK-801) days, respectively, saline and 2 mg/kg MK-801 were administered at ZT8. g Cumulative sleep loss (SD – Basal) in mice aged 4, 8, and 12 weeks over 24 h. h, j, k Sleep duration (h), P_WS (j), and P_SW (k) on Basal and SD during ZT12–24 (n = 12). At each age, two-sided Welch’s t-test was used. i Sleep rebound ratio (SD / Basal during ZT12–24). Individual mouse dots are connected by gray lines. Between the ages, two-sided Welch’s t-test with Bonferroni correction was used. l Cumulative sleep loss (MK-801 – Saline) in mice aged 4, 8, and 12 weeks over 24 h. m, o, p Sleep duration (m), P_WS (o), and P_SW (p) on Saline and MK-801 during ZT12–24 (n = 12). At each age, two-sided Welch’s t-test was used. n Sleep rebound ratio (MK-801 / Saline during ZT12–24). Individual mouse dots are connected by gray lines. Between the ages, two-sided Welch’s t-test with Bonferroni correction was used. Line plots show mean ± SEM. In box plot, boxes show the median, 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers show minima to maxima excluding outliers. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.