Fig. 1: Evolution of wearable technologies for enhancing the immersive interaction in virtual reality/ augmented reality applications.
From: Advances in olfactory augmented virtual reality towards future metaverse applications
The development trends of physical sensing and physical feedback devices2,3,4,5, olfactory sensing devices6,7,8,9,10, and olfactory feedback devices11,12,13,14. Figure adapted with permission from: (‘Skin-interfaced biosensor’), ref. 2, Springer Nature Ltd; (‘Stretchable thermos-haptic device’), ref. 3, Wiley; (‘Augmented tactile-perception and haptic feedback ring’), ref. 4, Springer Nature Ltd; (‘Skin-interfaced multimodal haptic interface’), ref. 5, Springer Nature Ltd; (‘Transcutaneous blood VOC imaging system’), ref. 6, American Chemical Society; (‘Tactile-olfactory bionic sensing array’), ref. 7, Springer Nature Ltd; (‘Surface acoustic wave device based sensor’), ref. 8, American Chemical Society; (‘Machine learning-enhanced mid-infrared gas sensing’, top), ref. 9, Springer Nature Ltd; (‘Machine learning-enhanced mid-infrared gas sensing’, bottom), ref. 10, Wiley; (‘Surface acoustic wave device based atomizer’), ref. 11, IEEE; (‘Bionic fibrous membrane’), ref., Wiley; (‘Physical phase change of odorous paraffin wax’), ref. 13, Springer Nature Ltd; (‘Multi-element solenoid value array’), ref. 14, Springer Nature Ltd.
