Fig. 3: The simultaneous outputting of multiple sensing signals.

a The schematic showing trace gas detection by utilization of the Bi2O2Se sensor. This Bi2O2Se sensor is featured with the Schottky junction and equivalent to a circuit consisted of a resistance (Rsens.) and a capacitance (Csens.). b The frequency-dependent R and X in vacuum/NO2. The blue arrows indicate the environment changing from the vacuum to the NO2. The multiple sensing signals (R, X, and Ɵ) towards the methanol (c)/methanal (d) exposure.