Fig. 1: Overview of the PSP observations on 20 February 2021, during its fourth Venus gravity assist.
From: Closed magnetic topology in the Venusian magnetotail and ion escape at Venus
Panels (a–g) are the time series of: a the PSP trajectory in the Venus-Solar-Orbital (VSO) coordinates, b the PSP altitude (km) relative to the Venus surface, c omnidirectional electron differential energy fluxes (DEF, eVcm−2s−1sr−1eV−1) and d normalized 132-eV electron pitch angle distributions measured by the SPAN-e instrument, e ion differential energy fluxes (DEF, eVcm−2s−1sr−1eV−1) averaged over all look directions measured by the SPAN-i instrument, f the 1-s magnetic field vector and strength and g magnetic clock angles Bclk and cone angles Bcone in the VSO coordinates, measured by the FIELDS instrument. The two vertical dashed lines highlight a zoomed-in time period shown in Fig. 2. Panel (h) shows the PSP trajectory in the XVSO − YVSO plane, with the black whiskers displaying the BxVSO and ByVSO components. The gray lines show the empirical bow shock and the induced magnetosphere boundary (IMB)63, in between is the magnetosheath (MS). The zoom-in period is indicated between the asterisk and diamond symbols.
