Fig. 2: Electrochromic performance of the MnO2/Mn2+ redox reaction.

a Photographs of MnO2/FTO electrode, featuring color changes at different deposition/dissolution stages. b CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of MnO2/FTO electrode at various charging time. c Peak x, y color space (CIE 1931) results of MnO2/FTO electrode at different charging times (0 s to 600 s). d UV-Vis transmittance spectra of MnO2/FTO electrode charging at a potential of 1.6 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) for 0 s, 30 s, 180 s, 300 s, and 600 s. e A plot illustrating the transmittance at 460 nm over time, with the application of deposition and dissolution potentials at 1.6 V and 0.2 V, respectively.