Fig. 5: Scalability of “electrode-free” electrochromic device (EECD).
a Photographs of a well-packaged 10 cm × 10 cm EECD sample at different coloring states (I, II, III, and IV). b COMSOL Multiphysics simulations of the dual deposition process of MnO2 and Cu from initial state to uniformly colored state (left to right). c Optical transmittance measured at the wavelength of 460 nm at the edge and center of the EC window (as marked in a) over time. d Photographs of a 40 × 40 cm2 window in the bleached state and colored state. A piece of white paper is placed at the bottom for contrast. e Estimated cost composition of commercial electrochromic devices. EECD can waive a large portion of the fabrication cost. f A radar plot comparing the major performance indexes of optical contrast (∆T), coloration time (tc), bleaching time (tb), memory effect (bistability), and cycle life. Several representative works are cited in the radar plots for comparison and the results of each characteristic are schematically illustrated semi-quantitatively.
