Fig. 1: Upwelling processes and primary productivity in the oceanic eastern boundaries.
From: Future changes in coastal upwelling and biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems
a The vertical velocity at 50 m obtained from the high-resolution Community Earth System Model simulation (CESM-H) spanning from 2003 to 2022, with superimposed wind stress for the same period. b Observed vertically integrated primary production (see “Validation datasets” in Methods) during the same period from 2003 to 2022. c–f Hovmöller diagrams of the upwelling index (UI) in different ocean basin’s upwelling systems, namely the California (CalCS), Canary (CanCS), Humboldt (HCS), and Benguela (BCS) Current Systems during 1992–2022 derived from CESM-H.
