Fig. 2: Projected changes in upwelling timing of the eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) under a high carbon emission scenario.
From: Future changes in coastal upwelling and biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems
a The time-series (solid) and linear trends (dotted) for the onset date (blue) and termination date (green) of upwelling season within the poleward region in California Current System (CalCS-P) derived from the daily outputs of the high-resolution Community Earth System Model simulation (CESM-H) during 1920–2100. The y-axis represents the onset and termination dates. The extent of the area between the two lines illustrates the duration of the upwelling season. b–d Same as a but for the onset date and termination date in the poleward region in Canary Current System (CanCS-P), equatorward region in CanCS (CanCS-E), and poleward region in Humboldt Current System (HCS-P). e–h The onset, termination, and duration differences derived from the climate simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) between 2071–2100 and 1920–1949. The positive values (+1, +2, and +3; warm color) indicate the months in which the onset and termination of the upwelling season have advanced, whereas the negative values (−1, −2, and −3; cool color) represent the months in which the onset and termination of the upwelling season have delayed. The +0 and −0 (hatched) also indicate the advancement and delay of the upwelling onset and termination dates but with the shifting rate less than one month. As for the duration, the positive and negative values correspond to the months that the upwelling season has prolonged and shortened, respectively. The x-axis represents the model numbers.
