Fig. 4: Ecological implications of coastal upwelling in eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) derived from the Earth System Models (ESMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6).
From: Future changes in coastal upwelling and biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems
a Decomposition of vertical nutrient transport (VNT) changes (purple) into components associated with the upwelling effects (Δw, blue), nutrient effects (ΔN, red), and interaction effects (yellow) in the poleward (-P), central (-C), and equatorward (-E) regions in California (CalCS), Canary (CanCS), Humboldt (HCS), and Benguela (BCS) Current Systems. The error bars denote the standard error across models. b Boxplots of linear trends of VNT in all subdomains of EBUSs during 1920-2100. The line in the middle of each box represents the median value, with the lower and upper bounds of each box indicating the first and third quartiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to 1.5 times the interquartile range. Individual ESMs are depicted as different symbols, with outliers removed from the plot. c Scatterplot of VNT changes and net primary production (NPP) changes in individual ESMs. Linear fit (solid black line) and 95% confidence ellipse are shown together with a correlation coefficient r and corresponding P value. K-means clustering algorithm60 was first applied to remove the simulation anomalies.
