Fig. 1: Structures of representative mogrosides.

a Chemical structures of various mogrosides. Glucose groups are colored blue for R1-G1 and R2-G1, red for R1-G2(1-6), green for R2-G2(1-6), and yellow for R1- G3(1-2). The atoms of O1, O2 and O6 of these glucose groups are labeled as 1, 2 and 6, respectively. b M5 biosynthesis pathway. Glucose groups are shown as spheres and colored the same as in (a). Reactions catalyzed by SgUGT94-289-3 are highlighted in the box. Reactions of β (1–6) glucosylation at R1 end, R2 end and β (1–2) glucosylation at R1 end are indicated by red, green and yellow arrows, respectively. The pathway from M3E to SIA is a minor pathway with low efficiency, thus the arrow is shown in 50% transparency. The UGT(s) responsible for producing M3E from M2E was not identified, thus this process is indicated by arrow with dashed line.