Fig. 2: Preparation and characterization of TA NPs-FeMnO_x assembly (APE1-probe).

a Schematic illustration for afterglow luminescent mechanisms of TA NPs and preparation of APE1-probe. b Representative TEM images of TA NPs (n = 3 independent samples). c, d Afterglow images and signal attenuation of TA NPs after irradiation (30 µg/mL, n = 3 independent samples). e, f Afterglow images and signal intensity of TA PNs under 10-recycle recharge (30 µg/mL, n = 6 independent samples). g, h Afterglow images and signal intensity of TA NPs nanoparticle and MEHPPV-based nanoparticle (n = 3 independent samples). i Representative TEM images of FeMnO_x (n = 3 independent samples). j, k MRI images and signal intensity of various concentrations of FeMnO_x@BHQ₃-N₃ (n = 3 independent samples). l Representative TEM images of TA NPs-FeMnO_x assembly (APE1-probe) (n = 3 independent samples). m Overlap of TA NPs-DNA1’s afterglow luminescence spectrum and BHQ₃’s absorption spectrum. n Schematic illustration for the afterglow resonance energy transfer (ARET) between TA NPs donor and BHQ₃ quencher. o Afterglow images and signal intensity of TA NPs-DNA1(10 µg/mL, n = 6 independent samples) before and after assembling with FeMnO_x-DNA2. p Afterglow signal intensity of TA NPs-DNA1 (10 µg/mL, n = 6 independent samples) assembling with various ratio of FeMnO_x-DNA2. All afterglow imaging were obtained with white light irradiation (10 mW/cm²) time of 10 s and acquisition time of 60 s. Data are presented as means ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.