Fig. 6: CSF from Parkinson’s disease patients catalyses oligomer formation.

a Aggregation kinetics of α-synuclein aggregation in the presence of 4% v/v pooled CSF from Parkinson’s disease patients and a healthy cohort. The extracted lag times (time taken to reach 25% aggregation) are shown alongside unseeded and seeded (1% mass concentration) reactions in the absence of CSF (inset). b, c Example photon count timetraces from aggregation reactions seeded by PD CSF (b) and in vitro-generated seeds (c). Oligomers from the PD CSF-seeded reaction were investigated by μFFE at around 30% aggregation (b) and found to have similar biophysical properties to a corresponding sample from the in vitro seeded reaction (c).